Color television



April 19, 1960 G, l.. FREDENDALL 2,933,554

coLoR TELEVISION Filed Sept. l, 1954 2 Sheets-Sheet l Y www m u\ V L vwfwww. m nw Y @www m. L m fw 0 f @n N S NESS QS ww L April 19, 1960 G. L. FREDENDALL 2,933,554

COLOR TELEVISION Filed Sept. l, 1954 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 UnitedStates Patent O;

COLOR TELEVISION Y Gordon L. Fredendall, Huntingdon Valley, Pa., assgnor to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Application September 1, 1954, Serial No. 453,629

8 (Cl. TIS-5.4)

The present invention relates to color television imagereproducing apparatus and, more particularly, to new and improved apparatus for reproducing color images in a simpliiied manner.

There has heretofore been proposed various forms of single gun color image reproducing kinescopes some of which, for example, include a target made up of a plurality of triads of phosphor strips, the strips of each triad being adapted to emit light of the respectively different component colors when struck by electrons. One problem associated with the latter type of color image-reproducing device has been that of providing satisfactory black and white images.

in view of the desire for improving black and white rendition by color television image reproducers, there have additionally been proposed color imagetubes having, in addition to an individual electron beam for each of the component colors, a so-called brightness or blackand-white image developing beam which is adapted to strike only a white light-emitting phosphor material forming a part of the target screen. Such tubespresent the usualproblems of a multi-beam device and, additionally require special target structures.

Hence, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide new and improved color image-reproducmg apparatus. l

Another and more specific object of the invention is that of providing color image-reproducing apparatus, which apparatus is capable of providing increased image brightness along with faithful color reproduction.

In general, the present invention contemplates the provision of a color image reproducer in the form of a cath-v ode ray tube having a iirst electron beam adapted to produce the component colors of a television image and a second electron beam for reproducing the black-andwhite portions of such image. Means are provided for modulating the first-recited beam with signals representative of the component colors to be reconstructed, with means for modulating the second beam with the blackand-white information.

In accordance with a specific embodiment of the invention as described herein, the target may be in the form of a phosphor strip arrangement in which the strips are disposed horizontally (i.e., in the direction of scan). With such a target, the color image developing beam is caused to scan respectively different color phosphors successively, while thefwhite image developing beam is caused to impinge upon all three of the respectively different color phosphor strips of a given triad simul taneously.

- By virtue of the novel arrangement of the present invention, improved brightness of images may be had and without resort to complex target structures involving "white phosphor material in addition to the several color phosphor-s. Moreover, since one of the beams is normally intended to cover all three color phosphors at all times, the problems of convergence and the like which are inherent in certain prior art arrangements are substantially 2,933,554 ,PatenteduApn 19,

rice;

Additional objects and advantages of the present iny vention will become apparent to those skilled in the artjA from a study of the following detailed `descriptionof the accompanying drawing, in which:

Fig. l illustrates a color image-reproducing cathode ray tube in accordance with the invention, together with certain apparatus for operating the same;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged, diagrammatic showing of a portion of the tube of Fig. 1 illustrating its operation; and

Fig. 3 is a block and schematic circuit diagram of a' color television receiver which may be employed in deriving thek proper signals for application to the appara' tus of Fig. 1.

Referring to the drawing and, in particular, to Fig. l", thereof, there is shown a cathode ray tube 10 comprising a cylindrical neck portion' 12 and a ared cone orf bulb 14. At the large end of the cone 14 is a target 'j structure 16 comprising a plurality of triads of respec tively dierent color phosphor strips arranged horizontalf j ly and with the strips of successive triads following the; same sequence (e.g., R, G, B, R, G, B). One strip (viz.- the green strip) of each of the triads is provided with a layer 18 of material capable of emitting ultra-violet light in response to electron impingement. Such a target struc- .j ture is well-known in the art and does not require furg ther description.

Supported within the cylindrical neck portion 12 of the Q tube 1G are two electron guns 20 and 22, each of which will be understood as comprising a source of electrorispl an intensity control electrode and focusing and acceler-Z ating means. The beam from each of the iguns'20 and 22 is thus directed toward the target 16 in the usual manner. The electron gun 22 will be designated herein asthat adapted to reproduce the component color informa'- tion of a color television image, such that thebeam 24; produced thereby is caused to focus at the target 116/ tb form a spot 26 whose diameter is not greater than` the 1 vertical dimension of one of the phosphor strips R, Gt?. and B. v

The electron gun 20 produces a beam of electrons 28y which is larger in cross-sectional area than the beam 24f` and, specifically, of such size that it produces a spot 30'., at the screen of such diameter that it simultaneously im', pinges upon all three of the phosphor strips of asingle triad. That is, assuming that the beam 28 is circularv in cross section, the diameter of the spot 30 at the target will be substantially equal to the vertical dimensionf of a single triad of phosphor strips. Both the color and '-v white beams 24 and 28 are subjected in their transit to-. ward the screen 16 to the action of scanning deectiorLv means, indicated diagrammatically as an electromagnetic.. deflection yoke 32, which may take the conventional .form of two pairs of coils arranged at right angles to Seach. other and energized, respectively, with suitable sawtootlt' currents of television iield and line frequencies from. a. l source 34. The action of the deflection yoke 32 is,- therefore, that of causing the two beams 24 and 28 to scan a convention rectangular raster on the target .screen 16. During such scansion, the beam 28 bearing the white information will successively scan the phosphor triads, thereby producing horizontal lines of white light.V The, color or chroma beam 24, on the other hand, and in or der to perform its function of component coloril1um i-, nation, is subjected to a high frequency wobble. .Specically, in accordance with one form of the invention; the beam 24 passes between a pair of vertically displaced deflection plates 36 and 38 in its transit toward the target. The plates 36 and 38 are supplied with a yhigh fre-v quency voltage of, for example, 3.58 mc, so that the beam 24 is caused to describe a lgenerally sinusoidal pattern on the target, passing over the phosphor stripss uc cessively to illuminate them in the following sequence;

'assente green, red, green, blue, green, red, green, Vblue green. The sinusoidal 'pattern of the chroma beam spot 26 is shown clearly in Fig. 2 by the dotted linertti. While thechroma beam sifollowing its sinusoidal path along the phosphor strips R, G, and B of a given triad. the whitey beam spot '30 is scanninghorizontally along the same triad and illuminating all three strips thereof.

Frorn the foregoing, it will be recognizedthat, with the beams 24 and 28 scanning the target 16 as described, the white beam 28 may be suitably modulated with signals representative of the black-and-white content of image and the chroma beam 24 may be modulated in such-manner that it successively illuminates fthe red, green, and' In order to insure proper tracking of the respectively diferellt QQIQI phosphor stripsby the electron beam 2,4,

a. tra kingv arrangement `of any suitable form may bepmvided. 1n yFig l, therefore, the cone portion 14 of ,thev @glorie ray tube includes a window 44 adapted to pass ultra .violet light wllch is .emitted by the layers 1S in. respouse to electron excitation. By virtue of the sinusoidal Phill. Of the chroma beam 24, it will the grn phosphor (i.e., both on Vits up and down movements). Each such traverse of anultra-violet strip will produce 'ultraviolet light which passes through the window 44 for impingernent upon the light-sensitive electrode of a photo-multiplier tube 46 or other light-responsive device.` The output of the tube 46 will, therefore, comprise a series of pulses 48 occurring, in time, in

Y coincidence' with the traversal of the ultra-violet strip .18 bythe chroma beam 24. Since' the White beam 28 is continuously upon one of the green phosphor strips which Vbears an ultra-violet light 18, the effect thereof does not interfere with the sensing action of the tube 46 but merely adds a fixed bias to its output current. The output Oi the tube 46 is applied to a line-tracking control circuit 50 which, for example, comprises a suitable c phase. detecting circuit for comparing the phase of the tion of the Vbeam 24.50 that the axis of the sinusoidalV path traced by the beam is coincident with the ultra-violet light-emitting layer 18. vrThe line-tracking control apparatus does notper se form a part of the present invention, so thatitwill be understood that any suitable circuitry forperforming its function may be employed. Por yproper operation of the image-reproducing apparatns of Fig. 1, it is desirable to modulate the representative white and chroma electronbeamsZS and 24 with signals other than the usual brightness video and component color video signals such as are normally derived in color television receivers. That is, since both a white and a chroma beam are employed, it is desirable to'V avoid redundancy'of the information carried by those beams. Hence, it lhas been found that one'correct mode of modulating the intensity of the beams 24 and 28 is arrangement for exciting a White reproducer in accordance with the lowest amplitude'color signal together with means for exciting each of a plurality of different color reproducers with a signal equal to the amplitude difference between the signal applied to excite the White reproducer and the signal representative of the color produced by that particular color reproducer. Additional-information concerning vthe apparatusand the operation of such apparatus is well shown and described in UtS'.- Patent No. 2,684,995 granted `July 27, 1954 to A. C.

Y 4 Schroeder. A color television receiver adapting the above-,described arrangement for use with'the apparatus of Fig. 1 is illustrated diagrmmatically in Fig. 3. In Fig.r3, color television signals, which may be ofthe presently standardized variety, are intercepted by an arr `tenna 62 md applied to the input terminals of a color television receive-r 64. lt will be'understood that the receiver `block 64V mayinclu'de the usual radiol frequency, mixer,

Y lead 66 to a conventional matrixcircuit 68 which pro Y the succeeding operations which are performed upon excite the e ultra violet strip of a given triad each time it crosses soY vides at its output terminals 70, k72 and 74, respectively, the green, red and blue representative video signals..V One suitable receiver capable of performing the function thus far described in connection wtih 'the blocks 64 and 68 is described in detail in Practical Color Television for the Service Industry# Revised Editiompublished April 1954 by the RCA Service Co., Inc.

Each of the green, red and blue signals is applied to a` them. Thus, the green signal from the lead 70 is applied to the kcontrol electrode 760i a cathode follower tube 78 after its direct current component has been establishedk by the restorer of circuit 8b,V which is of conventional form. Similarly, the red yand blue video signals are` acted upon by D C. restorers 82 and 84 and are applied, respectively, to the control electrodes of cathode followers 86 and 88. The cathodes 98, 92 and 94 of the cathode followers are connected Vto a common junction 96 by means of similarlypolarized diodes 98, 10i) and 102, the diodes being in serie'switn resistors 104, 106 and 108. The cornmon junctionV point 96 is connected'to a point 110 of fixed positive potential via a resistor 112. Since' the polarization of the diodes 98, 100 and 192 depends upon v the polarity ofthe signalsl furnished by the cathode followers, it will herein be assumed that the signals applied to the diodes are of'such polarityV that signals of increased brightness extend inthe positive direction. vThe diodes and their biasing means serve to ,select that color signal which has the lowest amplitude, and in thefollowing manner: when no color signals are present the diodes will all conduct the sameV amount, which corresponds to the condition existing during blanking periods 114-. As the amplitude of a given color signal increases the potential applied to the cathode o f the corresponding diode be comes increasingly positive so that the diode to which the lowest amplitudeA color signal is applied conducts the rnost and the potentialof all of the diode anodes drops to a'value which is above that of the lowest arnplitude color signal. Sincethisy latter value is less than the other color signal amplitudes, vthe other .color signals cannot pass to the junction 96. When, on the other hand,

all of the three color signals are equal, as in a white por-Y tion of an image, all three diodes conduct equally. Conversely, if only a single color signal is present, it is prevented from reaching the junction 96 by reason of the fact that the other two signals are of zero amplitude. n

The signals appearing at thejunction 96 are coupled via a D C.. restorer circuit 116 to the control electrode of a cathodefollower outputV amplierll at whose cathode terminal 121) there is available what will be termedherein as the "white video signal (i.e.,V that color ysignal of lowest amplitude). The signal from the terminal is applied via'leads 122,V 124 and 126 to the input terminals of subtractor circuits 128, and 134, respectively. Additionally, the output of .the green Vcathode follower 78 is applied tothe subtractor 128 via a lead 136 and the red and blue signals from the cathodeV followers 86 and 88 are applied, respectively, to the suhtractors 130 and 134. Since subtractor circuits are weli known in the art, they need not be described in detail here. It will be noted, however, that the output of the subtractor 128 appearing at the terminal 13s-will be eciualV assess-l to the dierence-between the green 'video' signal and the `amplitude of the lowest color-signal which appeared at the terminal 120. AIn a similar manner the subtractors 130 and 134 will provide at their output terminals 140 and 142, respectively, the dilerence between the red and blue signals and the lowest amplitude color signal.

As will be understood from the description of the Aapparatus of Fig. 1 in which the chroma electron beam 24 traverses a green phosphor strip twice as often as it does each of the red and blue strips, it is necessary to sarnple the green video signal at the terminal 133 twice as often as is done for either of the other color signals. In the interest of simplicity of illustration, the color signals g, r and b are applied to a sampling arrange-v ment comprising a mechanical commutator 144 which comprises four equal conductive sectors 46, 14S, 15G and 152v and a rotatable member 54 which is adapted to contact the sectors Vin succession and atV a rate determined by the frequency of the wobble applied to the beam 24 in Fig. 1. One convenient frequency, as noted supra in connection with the 'wobble oscillator 54, is the subcarrier wave frequency employed conventionally in accordance with present-day standards whereby color television information is transmitted by means of a subcatrier wave whose'instantaneous phase with respect to a reference is representative of image hue and whoseV in stantaneous amplitude is representative of saturation. The frequency of that subcarrier wave may, as illustrated herein, beV equal to 3.58 mc. While jnot shown, therefore, it will be understood that the commutator 144 for sampling the wave color video signals is synchronized with the subcarrier wave frequency appliedto the receiver 64, in a suitable manner. As will be noted, the green video signals are applied to both sectors 148 and 152 of the sampling commutator 144, so that the sequence at which the color signals are available at the terminal 16! will helas follows: g, r, g, b, g; r, g, b.

`The white video signal at the terminal 120 is adapted for application to the beam intensity-controlling electron of the white gun 20 of the ltinescope 1i) in Fig. l. The terminal 12d is, therefore, designated for connection via a delay means 162 to a terminal 164 which is adapted for connection to the terminal 164 in Fig. l. Similarly, the color video signals from the terminal loi) are applied via delay means 166 to a terminal 16S which is desighated for connection to the correspondingl terminal 16S of Fig. l. Disregarding the delay means 162 and 166, it will beunderstood that with the signals applied to the intensity control electrodes of the guns 20 and 22, the beam 2S will be modulated in intensity as it scans horizontally across the target'l, thereby producing a white image, the intensity of which corresponds to the intensity of the signal. At the same time, the chroma beam 24 will scan sinusoidally across the target 16 as shown in Fig. 2 to illuminate the red, green and blue phosphore successively and with an intensity proportional to that of the signals g, r and [7. By virtue of the fact that the signal applied to the gun 2t) is the lowest amplitude color signal and the signal applied successively to the gun 22 are equal to the dierence between that signal and the representative color video signals, the ultimate image Visible on the screen 16 willvbe a faithful reproduction, in color, of the original television subiect.

The purpose of the delay devices 162 and 166 is as follows: if it be assumed to be preferable that the beams 28 and 24 strike the target screen as shown in Fig. 2 with the chroma beamspot 26 substantially centered on the white beam spot 39, the delay means 162 and 166 may be dispensed with, since the white and chroma signals will then be properly reconstructed together. Assuming, on the other hand, that by reason of manufacturing misalignment of the guns 20 and 22, for example, the beam spots 26 and 30 are not in coincidence as in Fig. 2 but that one beam leads the other in position, it is then desirable to delay the signal applied to the lagging beam so that the'informaton which that beam reeonstructs on the screen is in substantial coincidence with the information laid down by the leading beam. -Forl'a given tube 10, therefore, only one of the delay devices 162 and 166 is necessary, and that in the channel of the signal applied to the lagging beam. The delay device employed may be in the nature of an accurately cut transmission line or may be in the nature of a controllable electronic delayv circuit such as that shown in U. S. Patent No. 2,321,335, granted June 8, 1943 to W. A. Tolson.

lt may additionally be noted that although the inven- Vention has been described as being provided with signals in accordance with a form'of apparatus shown in the above-cited Schroeder patent, thatl signal-deriving apparatus may be replaced bythe apparatus shown in U.S. Patert No. 2,646,463, granted July 21, 1953 to Schroeder.

it should be borne in mind that, while the invention has been illustrated in accordance with a specic form in which the image-reproducing device is of the type having horizontally disposed phosphor strips, the principles of the invention are also applicable to other forms of tubes such, for example, as those in which the phosphor strips are arranged vertically. An example of such a tube is illustrated in U.S. Patent No. 2,545,325, granted March 13, 1951 to P. K. V/eimer.

lFrom the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the present invention aords relatively simple means for re.

producing color television images, which means aiford improved brightness of the resultant image and in such manner as to provide improved black-and-white image reproduction. v

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

l. Color television image-reproducing apparatus which comprises: a cathode ray tube having a target made up of a plurality of areas of respectively different preselected color light characteristics; means for producing and directing rst and second electron beams in the samedirection toward said target; means for causing said beams to scan said target; means forrmodulating the intensity of said first beam in accordancewith the black-and-white information regarding a television image; and means for modulating the intensity= 'of said second beam successively with information regarding said preselected colors ofV such image. Y

2. `Color television image-reproducing apparatus which comprises: a cathode ray tube having a target made up or" a plurality of groups of areas, the areas of each group having respectively different preselected component color light characteristics such that the areas or" a given lgroup are capable of emitting white light when that group group having respectively dilerent preselected component color light characteristics such that the areas of a given group are capable of emitting white light when that group Vis subjected to electron impingement; means for of a plurality of areas of respectively diterent preselected color light characteristics; means for producing and directing rst and second electron beams toward the same side of said target;means for causing said beams to scan said target; means for modulating the intensity of said rst beam in accordance with the black-and-white intormation regarding a television image; and means for modulating the intensity of said second beam with information regarding said Vpreselected colors of such image.

5. Color television image-reproducing apparatus which comprises: a cathode ray tube having a target made up of a plurality of areas of respectively diierent preselected color light characteristics; means for producing and directing first and second electron beams toward said target; means for causing said beams to scan said target; means yfor modulating the intensity of said iirst beam in accordance with the blackr-and-White information regarding a television image; and means for modulating Ythe intensity of said second beam successively wtih information regarding said preselected colors of such image; said first i means for causing said beams to scan said target; means for modulating the intensity of said iirst beam in accordance With the black-and-white information regarding a television image; and means for modulating the intensity,I of said second beam successively wtih information regarding said preselected colors of such image, said `iirst beam being of such Vcross-sectional dimension as to impinge simultaneously uponY arcas of all of the diierent preselected color light characteristics and said second beam being of such cross-sectional dimension as to be capable of striking a single one of such areas at a given instant.

7. Color television image-reproducing apparatus which comprises: a cathode ray Vtube having a target made up of a plurailty of groups 'of areas, the areas of each group having respectively diierent preselected component color light characteristics such-that the areas of a given group Vare capable of emitting white light when that group is subjected to electron impingement; means for producing a firstielectron beam Whose cross-sectional area at said target .is commensurate with one of said target areas in at least one dimension thereof; means for producing a second electron beam whose cross-sectional area at said target is of such size as to impinge simultaneously upon all of the target areas of one of said groups; means for annessa modulating the intensity of said second, beam Vwith information regarding the black-and-white content of av telo,- Vvision image; means v'for modulating the intensity of said `iirst beam successively with information regarding said respectively dierent preselected component colors; means for causing said second beam to scan said target such that said beam continually impinges upon a group of such areas; and means for causing said rst beam to traverse vsaid areas of respectively different component color light characteristics successively such that said beam is Contact with an area of a preselected color characteristic during that interval in which vits` intensity is modulated by information regarding that preselected color.

8. Color television image reproducing apparatus which comprises: a cathode ray tube having a target made up oi a plurality of groups of areas, the areas of each group having respectively different preselected component color light characteristics such that the areas of a given group are capable of emitting White light when that group is subjected to electron impingement; means for produc,- ing a rst electron beam whose cross-sectional area at said target is of such size as to impinge simultaneously upon all of the target areas of one of said groups; means for producing a second electron beam whose cross-sectional area at said target is commensurate with one of said target areas in at least one dimension thereof; means for causing said first and second beams to scan said target; a source of a plurality of component color television signals whose amplitudes Vare respectively representative of the component colors'of an image to be produced; means for applying signals fromsaid source to said cathode ray tube for modulating said iirst beam with a signal whose amplitude is noV greater than that of any of said component color. signals and means for modulating said second beam sequentially with .signals respectively proportional to the amplitude difference between said component color signals and -thfe signal applied to said rst beam. i

References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,516,314 Goldsmith July 25, 1950 2,545,974 Schroeder Mar. 20, 1951 2,646,463 .Schroeder v July 21, 1953 2,671,129 Moore Mar. 2, 1954 2,677,723 McCoy May 4, 1954 2,681,381 Creamer June 15, 1954 2,684,995 Schroeder July 27, 1954 '2,742,531 Partin Apr. 17, 1956 

